Databases evolved from simple flat files to structured relational databases , improving data organization. Later, NoSQL databases emerged, offering flexibility for diverse data types and large volumes. This evolution caters to the increasing complexity and diversity of data storage needs. Evolution of Database Systems: 1. File Systems: Early systems used file-based approaches to store and manage data. Data redundancy and inconsistency were common issues. Lack of data integrity and centralized control. 2. Hierarchical Databases: Introduced a hierarchical structure to organize data. Relationships represented as parent-child links. Improved data organization but still lacked flexibility. 3 . Network Databases: Enhanced flexibility with a network model. Introduced the concept of records and sets. Complex relationships were possible, but navigation was challenging....